The Berlin Conference of 1884 is the most famous of many agreements between European powers over which countries were allowed to colonize which parts of Africa. The conference contributed to ushering in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.

As Europe colonized Africa and intensified extraction, it allowed the European countries to unify in the face of colonial competition from Japan, Russia and the United States. The European powers soon over-ran the continent, establishing colonies everywhere except Ethiopia, Morocco, and two kingdoms in what became Somalia: the Majeerteen Sultanate and the Sultanate of Hobyo. The other exception was Liberia, which was an American, not European colony.

The colonial partitioning of Africa has had a profound and lasting impact on Africa, including in its current political formations. Compare the borders of Colonial Africa in 1913 to a map of Africa in the 1970s, just after colonization. These borders, inherited to today, cut through ethnic groups and former political formations, drawn with regard to natural resources rather than the needs of Africans.

Walter Rodney said that Imperialism in Africa is “The exploitation of Nation by Nation,” but in order to exploit a nation, you have to create one in the first place.

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What’s green, hangs on a wall, and whistles?

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