This is a persistent myth that is shared amongst anarchists and RadLibs alike that the Soviets betrayed the Makhnovists by reneging on their so-called alliance with the Black Army, turning on them immediately after the defeat of the White Army.
This furnishes the anarchist persecution fetish and common narratives about how communists will always betray “the true revolution” and how Lenin was a tyrant.
The historical facts, however, paint a significantly different picture.
For one, you do not sign pacts with your allies. There was a military pact that was signed but, like the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, this is something that occurred between two parties that were constantly at odds with each other and the pact was signed out of conditions where the interests of both parties were temporarily aligned. This simple fact escapes the historical revisionists constantly but, unsurprisingly, only when it serves their arguments.
Secondly, Makhno himself knew that this pact was only temporary. Upon the signing of the pact he had this to say in The Road to Freedom, the Makhnovists’ mouthpiece, in October 13, 1920:
"Military hostilities between the Makhnovist revolutionary insurgents and the Red Army have ceased. Misunderstandings, vagueness and inaccuracies have grown up around this truce: it is said that Makhno has repented of his anti-Bolshevik acts, that he has recognized the soviet authorities, etc. How are we to understand, what construction are we to place upon this peace agreement?
What is very clear already is that no intercourse of ideas, and no collaboration with the soviet authorities and no formal recognition of these has been or can be possible. We have always been irreconcilable enemies, at the level of ideas, of the party of the Bolshevik-communists.
We have never acknowledged any authorities and in the present instance we cannot acknowledge the soviet authorities. So again we remind and yet again we emphasize that, whether deliberately or through misapprehension, there must be no confusion of military intercourse in the wake of the danger threatening the revolution with any crossing-over, ‘fusion’ or recognition of the soviet authorities, which cannot have been and cannot ever be the case."
[Source: Nestor Makhno: Anarchy’s Cossack by Skirda and Sharkey, pp. 200-201]
Clearly these are not the words that allies speak about one another.
At the successful Seige of Perekop, whereby the Red and Black Armies successfully broke the back of Wrangel’s White Army forces and brought the Southern front to a conclusion, Makhno’s aide-de-camp Grigori Vassilevsky, pronounced the end of the pact, proclaiming:
“That’s the end for the agreement! Take my word for it, within one week the Bolsheviks are going to come down on us like a ton of bricks!”
[Source: Nestor Makhno: Anarchy’s Cossack by Skirda and Sharkey, p.238]
The fact is that USSR furnished the Black Army with much-needed military supplies without which they would have been unable to continue fighting and Makhno was no pluralistic leader who was open to Bolsheviks; in fact, his army incorporated Bolshevik forces which defected to the Black Army and Makhno set his military secret police force, the Kontrrazvedka, to at first surveil the former Bolshevik military leaders along with the rising Bolshevik influence that had developed particularly around Yekaterinoslav, and then later summarily executed the Bolshevik leaders when they posed too much of a threat to his power due to commanding some of the strongest units in his army.
But that’s a topic which deserves its own post…
Thanks for this post. Always wanted to understand what was rly going on between the Anarchists and Bolsheviks. At first I was actually heavily sympathetic towards them as I didn’t grasp just how much of a significant difference there is, and I simply considered them ‘slightly confused allies’ or so. Never got around to read anything on the matter though, as there’s enough books I gotta read first. Looking forward to the next post.
Honestly, there’s really sparse historical work on Makhnovia tbh and it’s either glossed over by liberal historians or it’s written by starry-eyed anarchists who just ignore or outright excuse some really egregious actions on behalf of Makhnovists.
The upshot of having the most comprehensive historical stuff coming from anarchist historians means that, when you read closely and with a critical eye, you can paint a picture of Makhnovia using sources that anarchists have difficulty disputing. (Although that’s a little naive of me to say because I’ve legitimately had anarchists dismiss Volin’s eyewitness testimony as being Bolshevik propaganda despite Volin essentially being a leftcom who then became a lifelong anarchist that served in the Makhnovists’ Revolutionary Military Council, so yeah…)
Some of it is really arduous reading though. I recently finished reading Nestor Makhno In the Civil War by Michael Malet and he switches from referring to figures by their first names and their last names (and a lot of these figures don’t even have Wikipedia entries), he expects you to remember factions based on the numbers of brigades and divisions etc. (i.e. he’ll say “the 12th brigade encountered the 4th regiment near Yekaterinoslav” as a full sentence and you just have to figure out whether this was a military engagement or allies meeting up with one another based on little if any other contextual clues) when there were multiple factions battling it out and one particular bastard who switched sides more times than I could count, and he literally dropped the most opaque prose with referents being difficult if not impossible to distinguish, for example:
Making use of the breathing-space resulting from the difficulty of movement for regular troops during the spring thaw, Makhno was able to re-establish contact with the groups who had hived off after Staroduhivka under Schus, Kozhyn, and others. Numbers had grown before the disasters of mid-March from 500 to 3000, then declined, and were now picking up again. A rendezvous for the groups was fixed for somewhere in Poltava province at the beginning of May.
If that passage left you puzzled then believe me when I say that reading the book and trying to track all these fragments of info that would be introduced without context clues didn’t make it much easier.
Honestly reading the Game of Thrones novels and tracing the heraldry and all lineages and relations was easier for me than this book was, despite this thing only being 200 pages.
You’re not missing out tbh.
At first I was actually heavily sympathetic towards them
I wouldn’t say that I’m unsympathetic towards them, being essentially a lifelong anarchist who only recently became an ML after more years than I’d care to admit, but they definitely didn’t live up to their principles as anarchists and in studying anarchism put into practice, it really made me recognise just how much things like vanguardism and the recreation of state apparatuses and a transitional state occurs out of necessity to defend the revolution, regardless of how much you are ideologically opposed to this sort of stuff.
It’s just the nature of a revolution and fighting against counterrevolution.
I’d be glad to be proven wrong but more than that I’d love to see a new anarchist revolution take place today because I would contend that it’d follow along the lines of other revolutions where the necessity for secret police, vanguardism, a centralised military force and economic management, even things such as political purges would get proven to (once again) be necessary because it would vindicate the ML position on these matters.
How is this a debunking of anything? You are merely correcting technicalities as if anarchists didn’t know about them. It’s obvious that the Makhnovists and the Bolsheviks could never agree on anything, and I’ve never met any anarchist who thought the alliance was not temporary or even that it could last.
The facts still are that anarchists helped the USSR survive yet the USSR destroyed them once they were no longer useful. I do think that using this event as a blanket statement to “never ever work with statist leftists of any kind no matter what” is a bit silly given how much time has passed and how different the situation is. However its still an useful piece of history. Especially because they had that same behaviour throughout their entire lifespan - of crushing or abandoning any socialist movement that weren’t 100% aligned with theirs.
You state it was an alliance. Clearly you don’t know much about this historical event and you didn’t manage to read four sentences into what I wrote.
and I’ve never met any anarchist who thought the alliance was not temporary or even that it could last.
I’ve come across plenty.
The facts still are that anarchists helped the USSR survive
And the USSR provided critical materiel to the Makhnovists at a time when they had dwindling supplies so, in turn, the USSR helped the Makhnovists survive but yet again, historical facts escape the convenient narrative it seems.
Especially because they had that same behaviour throughout their entire lifespan - of crushing or abandoning any socialist movement that weren’t 100% aligned with theirs.
Stick around for my effort posts on Revolutionary Catalonia and, eventually, the Kronstadt Rebellion I guess. There’s plenty more to learn from history.
I’ve come across plenty.
Cool. They’re wrong. Doesn’t change what the USSR did.
And the USSR provided critical materiel to the Makhnovists at a time when they had dwindling supplies so, in turn, the USSR helped the Makhnovists survive but yet again, historical facts escape the convenient narrative it seems.
Seriously, what’s the point of insisting on this? Even assuming that we for some reason never knew about the soviet aid (We did, what kind of anarchists are you talking to?), what they did in the end is still deplorable.
If we’re helping each other survive, and once you can survive on your own (in a big part thanks to me), you shoot me in the back of the head, it doesn’t stop being something shitty to do just because I expected it, or because you had helped me too before you decided to shoot me.
Stick around for my effort posts on Revolutionary Catalonia and, eventually, the Kronstadt Rebellion I guess. There’s plenty more to learn from history.
Can’t wait for another Lenin PFP to say the sabotage didn’t happen, and if it did it was minor, and if it wasn’t it was their fault, and if it wasn’t they should have expected it, and if they did they deserved it anyway, and if they didn’t anarchists were sabotaging too, and if they weren’t well they still couldn’t endure it so clearly anarchism doesn’t work.
Also… why do you stick to anarchism? What I’m talking about happened with statists too. Hungary, Yugoslavia? The fucking Sino-Soviet split?
Seriously, what’s the point of insisting on this?
You made the point that the Black Army was critical to the war effort. I made the point that the USSR was also critical to the Black Army’s war effort.
The relevance to the discussion should be apparent. I’m not sure how much clearer I need to be.
what they did in the end is still deplorable.
If we’re helping each other survive, and once you can survive on your own (in a big part thanks to me), you shoot me in the back of the head, it doesn’t stop being something shitty to do just because I expected it, or because you had helped me too before you decided to shoot me.
Right. So you’re obviously operating under this notion that the Makhnovists were intending on a path of peaceful coexistence with the Bolsheviks.
This doesn’t square with historical facts.
Makhno ordered some of his most effective military leaders who were Bolshevik sympathisers to be summarily executed by his secret police, the Kontrrazvedka, which was in violation of what ostensibly was the democratic structure of Makhnovia by ignoring the authority of the Military Revolutionary Council.
So talking about “shooting someone in the back of the head” is especially pertinent to this discussion.
The Kontrrazvedka set up terror cells within the USSR. That doesn’t bode well for an idyllic notion of peaceful coexistence imo.
Makhno also ordered the execution of journalists and the destruction of their printing houses because they were disseminating material which was too sympathetic towards the bolsheviks. It was only the fact that cooler heads in his leadership prevailed over this and convinced him against getting these orders carried out.
There’s a very clear pattern of outright antagonism towards the Bolsheviks across Makhno’s reign. This “UwU I’m just a smol anarchist bean who wants to be free to do my own thing, why not just leave me be?” routine doesn’t hold water.
Makhno knew that certain cities that the Black Army had gained control over were more sympathetic towards the Bolsheviks and I fail to see that he would extend this demand for peaceful coexistence to that cohort of the population.
In fact, while we’re talking about it, it’s funny that you’d demand such a thing for a group which did not extend the same idea to the Mennonites and the German settlers. Strange how you’d demand this for one group and yet apparently have no concern about extending it to others - is it that you simply feel that Makhnovia had a special entitlement to being left alone to practise their society because they align with your own political beliefs?
Can’t wait for another Lenin PFP to say the sabotage didn’t happen, and if it did it was minor, and if it wasn’t it was their fault, and if it wasn’t they should have expected it, and if they did they deserved it anyway, and if they didn’t anarchists were sabotaging too, and if they weren’t well they still couldn’t endure it so clearly anarchism doesn’t work.
Can’t wait for another reply from you which relies on vibes and convenient narratives to summarily dismiss historical facts which go against your beliefs.
Can’t wait for more handwringing over a *gasp!* Lenin pfp. (I bet you don’t do this for the gang-raping and ethnociding Makhno when you see his pfp, do you? Spare me your feigned outrage and your hypocrisy.)
Can’t wait for an anarchist to assume a position of unjust hierarchy over my own opinions on the matter.
Also… why do you stick to anarchism? What I’m talking about happened with statists too. Hungary, Yugoslavia? The fucking Sino-Soviet split?
…I’ve made one effortpost. I’ve written it on some factors in Makhnovia.
Are you planning to sign up to my Patreon or something? If not, by what right do you demand that I write on topics that you feel are the most important for me to research and write about?
This topic has been an area of interest for me for longer than I’ve been an ML. I write from a place of knowledge on the topic. I don’t know enough and I haven’t researched enough to provide a developed, in-depth opinion on the Sino-Soviet Split, for example. And there is precious little that is written about Makhnovia/the war in the Ukraine in the interwar period and the Spanish Civil War that isn’t from a liberal or someone that views anarchism with rose-tinted glasses. That would be my other reason.
You are more than welcome to make your own posts on such matters if this sense of importance that you place on them is something that you sincerely hold rather than being little more than cheap concern-trolling.
